Understanding the difference between a Green Card and U.S. Citizenship is essential for anyone navigating the American immigration system. Both offer lawful status in the United States, but they come with different rights, responsibilities, and long-term implications.
Here’s a breakdown to help you understand what truly sets these two apart.
What Is a Green Card?
A Green Card, officially known as a Permanent Resident Card, grants someone the legal right to live and work in the U.S. on a permanent basis. Green card holders are not citizens—they remain nationals of another country but have lawful permanent resident (LPR) status in the U.S.
What Is U.S. Citizenship?
U.S. Citizenship is the highest status under U.S. immigration law. Citizens have full rights and protections under the Constitution and can participate fully in civic life, including voting in federal elections.
Key Differences Between Green Card and Citizenship
| Feature | Green Card (Permanent Resident) | U.S. Citizenship |
|---|---|---|
| Legal Status | Permanent Resident | Full Citizen |
| Can You Be Deported? | Yes, under certain conditions (e.g., crimes, long absences) | No (except in rare denaturalization cases) |
| Right to Vote | No | Yes, in all federal, state, and local elections |
| U.S. Passport | Not eligible | Eligible |
| Running for Office | Not allowed | Allowed (except President/Vice President) |
| Federal Jobs | Limited access | Full access |
| Travel Flexibility | Can travel, but extended stays abroad may risk status | Unlimited travel rights with a U.S. passport |
| Petitioning Family Members | Can sponsor spouse and unmarried children only | Can sponsor more family types (e.g., parents, siblings) |
| Military Service | Can serve (in limited roles) | Eligible for all roles, including officer positions |
| Duration of Status | Must renew every 10 years | Permanent with no renewal needed |
Green Card: Pros and Limitations
Advantages
- Legal right to live and work in the U.S.
- Can own property, get a driver’s license, and access most benefits
- May apply for citizenship after 3–5 years
Limitations
- Cannot vote in elections
- Risk of deportation if laws are broken
- Must maintain continuous U.S. residence
- Must renew Green Card (Form I-90) every 10 years
Citizenship: Full Benefits & Responsibilities
Advantages
- Full protection under U.S. law
- Right to vote and run for office
- Cannot be deported (except in extreme, rare cases)
- Access to all public benefits
- U.S. passport for easier international travel
- Can pass citizenship to children born abroad
Responsibilities
- Must pay all taxes
- May be called for jury duty
- Must serve if drafted in times of war (Selective Service for males 18–25)
How to Move from Green Card to Citizenship
Most Green Card holders become eligible for naturalization after:
- 5 years as a permanent resident (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen)
- Continuous residence and physical presence in the U.S.
- Good moral character
- Basic knowledge of English and U.S. civics
To apply, file Form N-400 with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
Do You Need Citizenship if You Already Have a Green Card?
Not necessarily. Many permanent residents live in the U.S. for decades without becoming citizens. However, becoming a citizen offers more security and benefits—especially the right to vote and freedom from deportation.
Quick Comparison
| Criteria | Green Card | Citizenship |
|---|---|---|
| Status Duration | Permanent (with renewal) | Lifetime |
| Voting Rights | ||
| Deportation Risk | ||
| U.S. Passport | ||
| Apply for Relatives | Limited | Expanded |
FAQs
Can Green Card holders be deported?
Yes, if they commit certain crimes, fail to maintain status, or stay outside the U.S. too long.
Is a Green Card the same as citizenship?
No. It gives you lawful residence, but not full legal and political rights.
Can I vote with a Green Card?
No. Only U.S. citizens can vote in federal elections.
